２２ Standard theory(Standard model)【What is the Universe？】Dialogue with the Universe

２２　Standard theory(Standard model)【What is the Universe？】Dialogue with the Universe

・Weinberg-Salam theory and quantumchromodynamics are the foundation of elementary particle physics, and are called standard theory or standard model.
・Standard theory is one of the theory for describing the three forces(electromagnetic force, weak force, strong force) in the same framework, but it is not a unified theory of the three forces.
・Particles of the standard model consists(17 types)
Fermi particles(fermions) constituting a substance(12 types :quark and lepton)
Gauge particles that mediate the force（４）
Higgs particles comprising the mass of the element（１）
= Substance and force are made of elementary particles.
・Force occurs at the catch of Bose particles (bosons).

○ Standard model

※Generation: It is only say that lined the respective sets in light order of mass. Elementary particles of the second generation and later present at the time of creation of the universe, it is not present in the current global.
※ Quarks make up hadrons (protons, neutrons), but do not have internal structure.
・Quark can not be observed unless a significant high-energy state, so its nature is not known yet well.
※The mass of the top quark is about 50 000 times the up quark. Weight of much gold atom.
※Neutrinos have tiny mass, and they are electrically neutral. So even met with other materials they pass through without reaction. The neutrino (meaning "little neutral one" in Italian) is denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu).
- Because neutrions are particles having no electric charge, they may themselves are anti-particles like π-mesons. [Wikipedia]
※Bosons mediate force, and not follow the Pauli exclusion principle, and can be packed in the same place any number.
（Atoms are stuck in the electromagnetic force.）
（Electromagnetic force is transmitted by the particles exchange photons.）
※Pauli exclusion principle：The two Fermi particles can not occupy the same quantum state.
（The two Fermi particles, in limitations impose the uncertainty principle, both the position and velocity can not be the same.）
・・・If assuming that this world has been created without the exclusion principle, quark would not have shaped the separate clearly defined protons and neutrons. And, they would not also be shaping the atom. Substantially uniform density "soup" would be present.
※Strong interaction：Electromagnetic force: Weak interaction: Gravity
＝１：10 to the power of minus 2 ：10 to the power of minus 5：10 to the power of minus 40
※Fermion (material particles) and bosons (particles of force) is replaced by the quantum theoretic dimension.

○It is shown clearly that the dark matter occupies about 1/4 of the energy density of the universe. However, the particles which serve as a candidate of the dark matter do not exist in a standard model. Therefore, to ask elementary particle for the true character of the dark matter, extension of a standard model is required.

【Theory, etc.】
＜Electromagnetic force, weak force ...＞
1.Weinberg-Salam theory(WS theory) ,Electroweak unified theory (1967),
○In Weinberg-Salam theory, electromagnetic power and the weak power of appearing at the time of β disintegration[1] were unified by Gauge theory.
○According to gauge theory, the place, i.e. particles （gauge bosons） exists between the elementary particles which carry out an interaction.
○Gauge boson (weak boson (W boson, Z boson)) is mediating the weak power of collapsing a neutron (a radioactive decay and).
○In 1983, the accelerator of CERN in Geneva discovered W boson and Z boson.

【Gauge theory】
○A gauge theory[2] is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian (the difference between the kinetic energy and potential energy) is invariant. [3]
(☆ Since kinetic energy is expressed by a negative, "difference" is the sum of the two energies.)
1) In Quantum Field Theory, fields form particles, and particles form fields, and particles are medium to convey the power of fields.
(As an example electromagnetic force acting between the electrons is caused by the exchange of photons. W and Z bosons mediate the weak force, gluons mediate the strong force. )[4], [5]
2) Moreover, in a vacuum, the amount of the field is slightly vibrate. Complete "Void" does not exist. [4]

【Reference】
1. In the changing process of neutron to the proton, electron (beta ray (β ray)) is released.
２．Wikipedia：Gauge theory
３．Wikipedia：ラグランジュ力学
４．Wikipedia：場の量子論
５．Dialogue with the Universe　Ｎｏ．２４　Standard theory

2.Kobayashi-Maskawa theory (1973), etc.

＜ Strong force＞
1. Quantum chromodynamics, QCD late 1970s
・Since neutron without electric charge has the strong magnetic moment, physicists was forced to assume that hadron (proton, neutron) is constituted with smaller element.
・Now, hadron is considered as what consists of six kinds of quarks, and eight kinds of gluons which mediate strong interaction inside hadron.
・There are 3 colorred quarks,red, blue and green, and a white hadron will be formed if the three joins together.
・The word "color" is what imagined the three primary colors of light and was used figuratively.


• It is not possible to retrieve the quark in monochromatic.
・Quark is an energy, there is no form to quark.
・Quarks can be packed in the same place. (Do not follow the Pauli exclusion principle.)
・Quark produce a strong force by replacing the "color" (：Ironi：Bose particles = gluon).
・The force becomes stronger as the distance leaves.
・Placing the electrons of high energy protons, the force is weakened. And Quark is I appear to move.