２６ Superstring Theory【What is the Universe？】Dialogue with the Universe

２６　Superstring Theory【What is the Universe？】Dialogue with the Universe

[Electromagnetic force + Weak interaction＋Strong interaction ＋ Gravity]
・The phenomenon and force in the microscopic world is can be explained by the quantum theory, and macroscopic gravity phenomenon is can be explained by the general theory of relativity.
・Since 1980, scientists around the world are working on the development of the superstring theory that unifies general theory of relativity and the quantum theory, and that theory can be explained from the microscopic to the macroscopic world.
・Quantum theory has poor compatibility with gravity, would have obtained a result of the contradiction to be fitting the quantum theory to gravity. Superstring theory is expected as candidates for the theory that can be understood gravity in the framework of the quantum theory.

・For example, if the (early) size of the universe is as small as a point, the energy becomes infinite. The point of this energy infinity is the singularity.
• In the singularity the space-time disappears, and all of the physical law does not hold.
• If the particle is made of a string as shown by the superstring theory, the singularity does not come out.

•The superstring theory can handle gravity like the other three forces by representing the elementary particles as vibrations of the strings.
• In addition, the theory is possible to combine fermions and bosons together by thinking of super symmetry.

・However, considering that there is super-symmetry, it is necessary to assume the partner particles obtained by inverting particles and antiparticles, as a result, the number of particles are more than 100 kinds.

・From the size of a "string" which this theory assumes being very small etc., the superstring theory has not acquired the status as an established theory of physics.
・The goal of the superstring theory is that it leads to observable predictions.

【Reference】
１．「宇宙の数学とは何か」Hirosi Ooguri（Fred Kavli Professor of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics. California Institute of Technology）
http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~ooguri/mathuniverse.pdf
２．「アインシュタインの夢と超弦理論」　基礎物理学研究所　江口徹教授
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/osaka/feature/kansai1286328830436_02/news/20120113-OYT8T00978.htm
３．Wikipedia　一般相対性理論

○ According to the superstring theory, spatial dimension of 4-10 has been folded into very fine "Planck distance" (35 square minus 10 m) of magnitude.

○ In superstring theory, we do not know how to represent the membrane yet.
【Reference】Michio Kaku / New York incandescent classroom "Dream of Einstein " 20150403

＜Multiverse (Multi-Universe)＞
・Superstring theory suggests that the Big Bang there was many times. In other words, the universe is not one. It will be that the universe is multi and there are parallel universes.
• In the parallel universe, the laws of physics are different, but superstring theory's seems applicable.

【Reference】Ｎｏ．２９　The Parallel Universe

○Problem
・There is no experimental evidence to date that confirms string theory's predictions of supersymmetry and Kaluza–Klein extra dimensions.
【Reference】Wikipedia: Loop Quantum Gravity