２６ Superstring Theory

２６　Superstring Theory【What is the Universe？】Dialogue with the Universe

[Electromagnetic force + Weak interaction＋Strong interaction ＋ Gravity]

○The phenomenon and force in the microscopic world is can be explained by the quantum theory, and macroscopic gravity phenomenon is can be explained by the general theory of relativity.

○Since 1980, scientists around the world are working on the development of the superstring theory that unifies general theory of relativity and the quantum theory, and that theory can be explained from the microscopic to the macroscopic world.

○Quantum theory has poor compatibility with gravity, would have obtained a result of the contradiction to be fitting the quantum theory to gravity. Superstring theory is expected as candidates for the theory that can be understood gravity in the framework of the quantum theory.

○For example, if the (early) size of the universe is as small as a point, the energy becomes infinite. The point of this energy infinity is the singularity.

○In the singularity the space-time disappears, and all of the physical law does not hold.

○If the particle is made of a string as shown by the superstring theory, the singularity does not come out.

○The superstring theory can handle gravity like the other three forces by representing the elementary particles as vibrations of the strings.

・・・In quantum scale, basic strings have become closed loope. Althoug the strings have various excited states, in one of such excited states, there is one with the nature of  graviton(:particle that mediate gravity). [1]

○In addition, the theory is possible to combine fermions and bosons together by thinking of super symmetry.

○However, considering that there is super-symmetry, it is necessary to assume the partner particles obtained by inverting particles and antiparticles, as a result, the number of particles are more than 100 kinds. Moreover, the space is a 10 dimensional.

○Spatial dimension of 4-10 are folded into very fine "Planck distance" (10^-35 m) of magnitude.

○By using string theory, we can calculate the entropy of black hole, Hawking radiation and so on. [2]

○From the size of a "string" which this theory assumes being very small etc., the superstring theory has not acquired the status as an established theory of physics.

○In addition, the strings were found to be apparently not fundamental. Complex structures called "brane" is seems to dominate the behavior of this theory. [1]

○But we do not know how to represent the brane yet. [3]

＜Multiverse (Multi-Universe)＞[1] [4]

・Superstring theory suggests that the Big Bang there was many times. In other words, the universe is not one. It will be that the universe is multi and there are parallel universes.

• In the parallel universe, the laws of physics are different, but superstring theory's seems applicable.

○Problems

・There is no experimental evidence to date that confirms string theory's predictions of supersymmetry and Kaluza–Klein extra dimensions.

・The goal of the superstring theory is that it leads to observable predictions.

【References】

1. A Universe from Nothing. Lawrence M. Krauss -2012

2.  Black hole thermodynamics - Wikipedia

3. Michio Kaku / New York incandescent classroom "Dream of Einstein " 20150403

4. Ｎｏ．２９－１－１　Superstring theory and Brane cosmology

5. Loop Quantum Gravity - Wikipedia