８２ Exit to the another universe：Wormhole #Black Hole # Wormhole
８２－１ Black hole [1]
○Black hole is a "hole" opened in space-time.
○In the case of a charged or rotating black hole, it is possible to avoid the singularity.
・Extending these solutions as far as possible reveals the hypothetical possibility of exiting the black hole into a different spacetime with the black hole acting as a wormhole.
・The possibility of traveling to another universe is, however, only theoretical since any perturbation would destroy this possibility.
※Conceptual diagram of a wormhole [2]
○Penrose diagram [3]：It introduces a system of representing distant spacetime by shrinking or "crunching" distances that are further away. Penrose diagrams are useful in the study of asymptotic properties of spacetimes and singularities.
・Where the vertical dimension represents time, and the horizontal dimension represents space.
・The center of the figure, the intersection of event horizon is a wormhole.
８２－２ How to make wormhole [4]
・Rotate the white dwarfs in the form of a ring, creating a vortex (wormhole) in space.
・Injecting a negative energy in the vortex to stabilize the wormhole.
※To create a wormhole diameter 1 m, it is necessary to convert the same mass of Jupiter to negative energy. [5]
☆First of all, we need to find a white dwarf that rotates in a ring shape.
８２－３ How to find the wormhole [5]
・When it comes to wormhole hunting, said Nagoya University astrophysicist Fumio Abe, looking for the distant signatures of smaller gravitational lenses, called microlenses, is the way to go
・Unfortunately, these impromptu wormholes would be super small, appearing at the Planck scale. That’s about 10-33 centimeters long. In other words, the wormhole would be so small that it'd be almost impossible to detect. [6]
８２－４ Wormholes and Quantum en￢￢tanglement
○Quantum mechanics’ en￢￢tanglement and general relativity’s wormholes may actually be equivalent—the same phenomena described differently. [7]
・The Penrose diagram above is the maximally extended Schwarzschild black hole solution in a flat space (Euclidean space) close to our universe, but a similar figure can be drawn also in anti-de Sitter space (Ads). [8]
・In the penrose diagram of anti-de Sitter space (Ads), we can set a plane that can be described by t Quantum Field Theory (CFT) at the boundary between the two space-time across the wormhole.
• This plane is in quantum entanglement state via the wormhole. [9]
【Reference】
1. Black hole - Wikipedia
2. Wormhole - Wikipedia
3. Penrose diagrams - JILA
https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/penrose_schwpar.pdf
4. Morgan Freeman “Through The Wormhole s04e03 Can We Survive the Death of the Sun”36:35/1:04:14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVy1TFR2-us
5. Dave Mosher”TWINKLING STARS MAY REVEAL HUMAN-SIZE WORMHOLES”at WIRED 20120210
https://www.wired.com/2010/12/wormhole-detection/
6. Loren Grush”WILL WORMHOLE TRAVEL EVER BE POSSIBLE?”at POPULAR SCIENCE 20141026
http://www.popsci.com/article/technology/will-wormhole-travel-ever-be-possible
7. Juan Maldacena “Black Holes, Wormholes and the Secrets of Quantum Spacetime
”at SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 201611
http://www.nikkei-science.com/?p=51618
8. Black-Hole Solutions to Einstein's Equations in the Presence of Matter and Modifications of Gravitation in Extra Dimensions - Gouteraux, B. arXiv:1011.4941 [hep-th]
http://inspirehep.net/record/879129/plots
9. 中島林彦“ホログラフィ原理を解く”at 日経サイエンス 201701
http://barbra-coco.dyndns.org/yuri/nikkei/201701_034.pdf
【Change log】
20171222 Addition of Wormholes and Quantum en￢￢tanglement
20171227 Addition of Penrose diagrams
８１ Black Hole #Black Hole
８１－１ Travel to black hole
○September 2011 Supermassive black holes •at about 54.4 million light-years away in the direction of Virgo announced.
○In the case of a star whose mass is more than about 30 times the sun, it becomes a black hole.
※If we confine the mass of the earth to 1 cm, we can create a black hole
○Black holes have extremely strong gravity, even light could inhale as well as
substances nearby.
○Incidentally it takes about 100,000 years for 20 light years by the ship cruising speed of the current, so we will need about 300 billion years till the black hole in space travel ! ! !
(Reference) [2]
・ The theoretically expected cosmic jet that equivalents to the movement of the substance, and the X-rays emitted from the substance inhaled by the black holes are observed.
・ The white hole solution to which time reflection of the black hole is carried out exists in the solution of the Einstein equation.
・The information inhaled by the black hole is not lost.
８１－２ Evaporation of Black hole：Hawking Radiation
1974 Stephen William Hawking
・One of the characteristics of the quantum theory is that there is no empty space thing.
・This may look empty at first glance, in a micro scale pair production of virtual particles of negative energy and positive energy always has been done.(Quantum fluctuation)
・Well, in just outside the area of the event horizon, positive-energy particles can escape from the black hole if energy is greater.
・On the other hand, negative energy particles are sucked into the black hole.
※event horizon：In the inner side than the event horizon, since the speed required to escape from the black hole is greater than the light speed, it is impossible to escape from there even light .
• Since the negative energy particles are inhaled, the energy of the black hole is reduced as a result, the black hole becomes smaller gradually.
・Black hole is going to "evaporation".
・Thee is a theory that final process of this evaporation is observed as a gamma-ray burst.
・At the time of the black hole evaporation is newly made protons and neutrons.
・And temperature at this time, also reached T = 10＾32.
※Temperature of black hole：T
(ｋ：the Boltzmann constant, M：the mass of the black hole)
○In general relativity (classical theory), even though light can not escape from the black holes, this evaporation is caused by the quantum effect.
○However, the time to partition evaporation is 10^145 years, that is orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe about 10^10 years. On the other hand, the mass of the black hole formed by the accelerator is considered to be around 10 ^ -27 [kg], and the evaporation time is 10 ^ -97 [sec]. [3]
○At present, it is not known sure thing about this process.
○There is a theory that through the mechanism of Hawking radiation, it is possible to recover the energy of the black hole. [4] [5] [6]
【References】
1. Yahoo! Japan News
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20110908-00000009-jij-soci
2. Black hole - Wikipedia
3. http://web.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~u003wa/inde_file/paper.pdf
4. The mystery of the black hole Scientific Seminar of the Physical Society of Japan 2004
Text "Einstein and physics in the 21st century"(August 5-6, 2004)
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Makoto.Natsuume
http://www.h7.dion.ne.jp/~natsuume/articles/jps_seminar_txt2.pdf
5. A Universe from Nothing. Lawrence M. Krauss -2012
6. Star Lifting - Wikipedia
【Change log】
20170307 Integration of Black Hole and Evaporation of Black hole
20171125 Correction of evaporation time
８１ ブラックホール #ブラックホール
８１－１ ブラックホールへの旅
○２０１１年９月 超巨大ブラックホールが、おとめ座の方向に約5440万光年離れた位
置にあると発表された。[1]
○質量が太陽の約30倍以上ある星の場合にブラックホールになる。
○ブラックホールは極めて重力が強く、近くの物質だけでなく光さえ吸いこんでしまう。
○ちなみに、現在の宇宙船の航行速度は、４光年を２５０年程度だから、このブラックホールまでの宇宙旅行には、約２２万年要することになる！！！
（参 考）[2]
・ 物質の運動に相当する宇宙ジェットや、ブラックホールに吸い込まれていく物質が出すと理論的に予想されるX線が観測されている。
・ アインシュタイン方程式の解には、ブラックホールを時間反転させたホワイトホール解が存在する。
・ ブラックホールに吸い込まれた情報は失われない。
８１－２ ブラックホールの蒸発：ホーキング放射
1974年 スティーヴン・ホーキング
・量子論の特徴の一つは、からっぽの空間というものがないことである。
・一見空っぽに見えても、ミクロなスケールでは常に正エネルギーと負エネルギーの仮想粒子の対生成がおこなわれている。（：真空のゆらぎ）
・さて、事象の地平線のすぐ外側の領域では、正エネルギーの粒子は、エネルギーが大きければブラックホールから逃れることができる。
・一方、負エネルギーの粒子はブラックホールに吸い込まれる。
※事象の地平線：事象の地平線よりも内側では、ブラックホールから脱出するために必要な速度が光速よりも大きくなるため、どのようなものもそこから逃げ出すことはできない。
・負エネルギーの粒子が吸い込まれるため、結果的にはブラックホールのエネルギーは減り、ブラックホールは次第に小さくなっていく。
・ブラックホールが「蒸発」していくのだ。
・この蒸発の最終のプロセスがガンマ線バーストだという説もある。
・ブラックホールの蒸発の際には、新たに陽子や中性子も作られる。
・この時の温度は、Ｔ＝１０の３２乗Kにも達する。
（ｋ：ボルツマン定数、 M：ブラックホールの質量）
○一般相対論（古典論）では、ブラックホールからは光すら抜け出せないが、この蒸発は量子効果で起こる。
○ただし、蒸発しきるまでの時間は、太陽質量程度の星では10^145[year] となり、宇宙年齢 10^10[year] より十分大きい。一方、加速器で形成されるブラックホールの質量は 10^－27[kg] 程度と考えられており、蒸発時間は 10^－97[sec]。 [3]
○現在のところ、このプロセスについて確実なことは分かっていない。
○ホーキング放射のメカニズムを介して、ブラックホールのエネルギーを回収することができる、という説がある。[4] [5] [6]
【参 照】
1.Ｙａｈｏｏ！ニュース
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20110908-00000009-jij-soci
2. ブラックホール- Wikipedia
3. http://web.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~u003wa/inde_file/paper.pdf
4.ブラックホールの謎に迫る 2004年日本物理学会科学セミナー
「アインシュタインと21世紀の物理学」テキスト(２００４年8月5日-6日)
高エネルギー加速器研究機構 夏梅 誠
http://www.h7.dion.ne.jp/~natsuume/articles/jps_seminar_txt2.pdf
5.「宇宙が始まる前には何があったのか？」ローレンス・クラウス（2013年11月刊）
5. Star Lifting - Wikipedia
【更新履歴】
20170307 ブラックホールとブラックホールの蒸発の統合
20171125 蒸発時間の修正
８０ Starship #SpaceTravel
８０－１ Starship Solar-System（SSS）
○Since the life expectancy of the sun is 5 billion years, the human race needs to be moved to any other stellar systems.
○30,000 years to go to our nearest neighbouring star, Alpha Centauri (distance: 4light years) by the fastest spacecraft today.
○If you think the energy and safety between the long-term move, it is necessary to utilize the forces of nature.
○The solar system is orbiting through the Milky Way galaxy in 240km/s.
○If you have a solar system on the spacecraft, long-term energy and safety can be ensured.
Solar System [1]
○Movie：The helical model - our solar system is a vortex[2]
○Proposal of Martyn J. Fogg(1989) [3] [4]
・Stars like the sun exist about 300 within a distance of 100 light-years. This plan assumes that to finish the replacement work of the sun and other stars in about 10 million years.
・First, put a ring of superconductor around the sun, and supplement the 10% of the energy of the total output of the sun. Then generate a toroidal magnetic field by flowing a strong current, and rectify the flow of charged particles spewing from the sun in one direction.
・With this propulsion system, the movement speed of the sun after 700,000 years will be 1km / s, and you can change the scope of the course 1.9 degrees with respect to the rotation axis. After 2.7 million years each of those will be 5km / s, 9.5 degrees, and after 10.7 million years 20km / s, 33.7 degrees.
・Next, select the course that slip through the side of the star of the target. And adjust the inrush course to put the Earth in orbit of the other stellar.
※Starship Solar-System [5]
８０－２ Starship construction plan：Proposal to Breakthough Starshot [6]
○Still, we can not experiment with the solar system, so we will experiment with the nearest star (Alpha Centauri).
The plan is as follows.
○Purpose of this plan：To remodel Alpha Centauri closest to the solar system (4 light years) into a star ship that all humans can live in.
○Method: In this plan, 100 gram mini spaceships equipped with GAI and nano machine will be accelerated to 5% of the speed of light with a solar sail and will be sent to the planet of Alpha Centauri in 100 years.
※ For the basic concept see RenéHeller and Michael Hippke's proposal. [7] [8] [9]
※ The energy source of the propulsion system is the sun and Alpha Centauri.
※ The size of the sail is 100,000 square meters (about 14 soccer fields).
※The sail is made of graphene which is a very thin and light carbon film and covered with a cover with high reflectance so that it can endure the harsh conditions of the deep space and the heat of the star of the destination. (10 years for development)
※If it is higher than this speed, the craft will pass Alpha Centauri.
○ Structure of Nanocraft：
Camera, nuclear battery, propulsion system, navigation, communication equipment, nano machine
※NASA
☆ Crew
• Crews are two GAIs (Neutralink of male and female brain tissue: Adam and Eve)
・Two GAIs are backed up and restored to each other.
○Root
※The root of Starship [9]
☆Schedule
10 years later Launch of No. 1 Nanocraft
20 years later Completion of the laser propulsion system of Star shot
25 years later Star shot firing
45 years later We will get information from the star shot (resource, landable land, landing method).
50 years later Launch of No.2 nanocraft (supply ship) (2 new GAIs)
100 Years later Arrive at Alpha Centauri, collaboration of 2 nanocrafts and receive supply material (landing and terraform material etc)
150 Years later Arrive at earth type planet of Alpha Centauri and start of terafoam (mineral collection and processing, construction of solar panels etc)
160 years later Start of building a Starship
☆2,000~3,000 years later the completion of the Starship- Starship construction plan
☆40,000 years later Humanity will arrive at the starship (Alpha Centauri)
☆10 million years later Reaching of a Starship to the other star. [4]
※Image of a star ship: A Shkadov thruster as conceived by the artist Steve Bowers. [10]
【References】
1.The helical model - our solar system is a vortex
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jHsq36_NTU
2.宇宙への旅人
http://earth38moon.blog115.fc2.com/blog-entry-4266.html
3.太陽が最期を迎えても地球ごと助かる方法 A Successful Failure
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/LM-7/20080330/1206878248
4.Martyn J. Fogg, "Solar Exchange as a Means of Ensuring the Long-Term Habitability of the Earth," Specul. Sci. Technol., 12, pp.153-157 1989.
5.YAHOO! 知恵袋
https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwj-toTw75nMAhVLoJQKHQ_iDycQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdetail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp%2Fqa%2Fquestion_detail%2Fq12118206297&psig=AFQjCNGdFtMMv-_-ClVAQ2DZ8ULnQCNptA&ust=1461126690850709
6.No.６５－５－１ Breakthough Starshot
7.Full braking at Alpha Centauri - Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 20170201
https://www.mpg.de/11019256/full-braking-at-alpha-centauri
8. “DECELERATION OF HIGH-VELOCITY INTERSTELLAR PHOTON SAILS INTO BOUND ORBITS AT αCENTAURI”at The Astrophysical Journal Letters 20170101
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.08803.pdf
9. George Dvorsky “How An Interstellar Starship Could Actually Explore Alpha Centauri”at GIZMODO 20170202
https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2017/02/how-an-interstellar-starship-could-actually-explore-alpha-centauri/
10.PAUL GILSTER “Moving Stars: The Shkadov Thruster” 20131126
http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=29579
【Change log】
20170526 Addition of Ｎｏ．８０－２ Starship construction plan：Proposal to Breakthough Starshot
