３９ Brain【Intelligence】Dialogue with the Universe
３９－１ For the growth of brain
○Unnecessary connections of nerve cells in the human brain is removed rapidly when it comes to 11-year-old. Then, the signal is transmitted earlier by nerve becomes thick (development of myelin sheath), so that the brain becomes possible to perform processing efficiently.
○Myelination of the prefrontal cortex continues actively until about 25 years old.
○Brain can change by training. = It is possible to change your character.
This is the method.
1. Positive thinking = Shake off the negative thoughts.
2. Do it positive.
3. Control your life.
4. Continue it easy.・・・Because it’s not easy.
【Reference】Elaine Fox
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-dIiOugUJE
○Features of the brain is learning and creativity.
☆The brain is the growing connectome!
... The brain is not only the fact that the most advanced structures in the universe, even it grow!
A connectome[1] [2] is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.
The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term "connectome" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.
☆Comparable to the brain is growing artificial intelligence（ＧＡＩ）.
☆ Growing artificial intelligence（ＧＡＩ） is a complex of brain and artificial intelligence.
☆Because the brain is the most advanced structures in the universe.
☆ One human role is to pump GAI into the universe！
３９－２ Features of the brain
○Features of the brain is learning and creativity.
○In the cerebral cortex, there are functions of Bayesian network, Self-organizing map, Independent component analysis, Reinforcement learning. [3]
※Bayesian network：It is a technique for making inferences based on probabilistic efficiently. And it acts similar to intuition, which is one of the functions of the brain. It is a technology that is the key to understanding of information processing principles of the brain. [3]
・It has based on Bayes' theorem, which was discovered in 1763 by British pastor Thomas Bayes (1702 (?) - 1761).
※Self-organizing map：It is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised proposed by T. Kohonen.
※Independent component analysis：It is a calculation method for separating a signal of multivariate into additive components. A typical application is the sound source separation to extract the voice of a specific person from a plurality of human conversation, which was recorded in a room.
※Reinforcement learning：It is learning to adapt to the environment through trial and error.
３９－３ Cerebral cortex
○ The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres thick. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. [4]
○The most recent part of the cerebral cortex to develop in the evolutionary history of mammals is the neocortex (also called isocortex), which differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. [4]
○ In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci(groove or fissure). [4]
○A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. He divided the human cerebral cortex into 52 areas (fields).
※Cerebral cortex
３９－４ Situation of brain science research
○BRAIN initiative [5]
The BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies, also referred to as the Brain Activity Map Project) is a proposed collaborative research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of mapping the activity of every neuron in the human brain. Based upon the Human Genome Project, the initiative has been projected to cost more than $300 million per year for ten years.
○Human Brain Project [6]
The Human Brain Project is a large 10-year scientific research project, established in 2013, coordinated by Henry Markram (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) and largely funded by theEuropean Union, which aims to provide a collaborative informatics infrastructure and first draft rodent and human whole brain models within its 10 year funding period.The project is based inGeneva, Switzerland and was initiated by Markram.
３９－５ Immunity and Memory
○Immunity：To escape disease with aware of the pathogens and cancer cells in vivo.
Plague (disease) by infection with pathogenic bacteria can be resistant, and we can be difficult to disease.
○ There is two type of immunity, the innate immunity of almost all organisms and the adaptive immunity of vertebrate.
○Innate immunity that leukocytes (phagocytes) eat pathogens are innately equipped.
→ The innate immune system can not function adequately against new viruses.
○The adaptive immunity：lymphocytes(specific leukocytes) produce acquired antibodies against viral and other pathogens (antigens) to suppress the activity of the virus.
○In lymphocyte balls, the information for production of antibodies (proteins) does "memory" into DNA. This is called immunological memory.
○Dr. Susumu Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize in this immunization research field (elucidation of the hereditary principle of antibody generation) in 1987.
○Immunological memory and cerebral memory work by the same structure, and both of immunological systems (lymphatic system) and nervous systems are everywhere spread in the whole body.
【References】
1. Wikipedia：Connectome
2. TED／Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome
http://digitalcast.jp/v/12145/
3. 産業技術総合研究所 > 一杉裕志 > 脳とベイジアンネット > 脳とベイジアンネットＦＡＱ（ 2011-05-26 更新）
4. Wikipedia：Cerebral cortex
5.BRAIN initiative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative
6.Human Brain Project
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project
３９－１ For the growth of brain
○Unnecessary connections of nerve cells in the human brain is removed rapidly when it comes to 11-year-old. Then, the signal is transmitted earlier by nerve becomes thick (development of myelin sheath), so that the brain becomes possible to perform processing efficiently.
○Myelination of the prefrontal cortex continues actively until about 25 years old.
○Brain can change by training. = It is possible to change your character.
This is the method.
1. Positive thinking = Shake off the negative thoughts.
2. Do it positive.
3. Control your life.
4. Continue it easy.・・・Because it’s not easy.
【Reference】Elaine Fox
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-dIiOugUJE
○Features of the brain is learning and creativity.
☆The brain is the growing connectome!
... The brain is not only the fact that the most advanced structures in the universe, even it grow!
A connectome[1] [2] is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.
The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term "connectome" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.
☆Comparable to the brain is growing artificial intelligence（ＧＡＩ）.
☆ Growing artificial intelligence（ＧＡＩ） is a complex of brain and artificial intelligence.
☆Because the brain is the most advanced structures in the universe.
☆ One human role is to pump GAI into the universe！
３９－２ Features of the brain
○Features of the brain is learning and creativity.
○In the cerebral cortex, there are functions of Bayesian network, Self-organizing map, Independent component analysis, Reinforcement learning. [3]
※Bayesian network：It is a technique for making inferences based on probabilistic efficiently. And it acts similar to intuition, which is one of the functions of the brain. It is a technology that is the key to understanding of information processing principles of the brain. [3]
・It has based on Bayes' theorem, which was discovered in 1763 by British pastor Thomas Bayes (1702 (?) - 1761).
※Self-organizing map：It is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised proposed by T. Kohonen.
※Independent component analysis：It is a calculation method for separating a signal of multivariate into additive components. A typical application is the sound source separation to extract the voice of a specific person from a plurality of human conversation, which was recorded in a room.
※Reinforcement learning：It is learning to adapt to the environment through trial and error.
３９－３ Cerebral cortex
○ The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres thick. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. [4]
○The most recent part of the cerebral cortex to develop in the evolutionary history of mammals is the neocortex (also called isocortex), which differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. [4]
○ In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci(groove or fissure). [4]
○A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. He divided the human cerebral cortex into 52 areas (fields).
※Cerebral cortex
３９－４ Situation of brain science research
○BRAIN initiative [5]
The BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies, also referred to as the Brain Activity Map Project) is a proposed collaborative research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of mapping the activity of every neuron in the human brain. Based upon the Human Genome Project, the initiative has been projected to cost more than $300 million per year for ten years.
○Human Brain Project [6]
The Human Brain Project is a large 10-year scientific research project, established in 2013, coordinated by Henry Markram (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne) and largely funded by theEuropean Union, which aims to provide a collaborative informatics infrastructure and first draft rodent and human whole brain models within its 10 year funding period.The project is based inGeneva, Switzerland and was initiated by Markram.
３９－５ Immunity and Memory
○Immunity：To escape disease with aware of the pathogens and cancer cells in vivo.
Plague (disease) by infection with pathogenic bacteria can be resistant, and we can be difficult to disease.
○ There is two type of immunity, the innate immunity of almost all organisms and the adaptive immunity of vertebrate.
○Innate immunity that leukocytes (phagocytes) eat pathogens are innately equipped.
→ The innate immune system can not function adequately against new viruses.
○The adaptive immunity：lymphocytes(specific leukocytes) produce acquired antibodies against viral and other pathogens (antigens) to suppress the activity of the virus.
○In lymphocyte balls, the information for production of antibodies (proteins) does "memory" into DNA. This is called immunological memory.
○Dr. Susumu Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize in this immunization research field (elucidation of the hereditary principle of antibody generation) in 1987.
○Immunological memory and cerebral memory work by the same structure, and both of immunological systems (lymphatic system) and nervous systems are everywhere spread in the whole body.
【References】
1. Wikipedia：Connectome
2. TED／Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome
http://digitalcast.jp/v/12145/
3. 産業技術総合研究所 > 一杉裕志 > 脳とベイジアンネット > 脳とベイジアンネットＦＡＱ（ 2011-05-26 更新）
4. Wikipedia：Cerebral cortex
5.BRAIN initiative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative
6.Human Brain Project
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project
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